states (i.e. Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh, and Manipur) because data
availability is mixed and because small changes in patronage distributed to these low population states
can result in large changes in per capita patronage allocation.
66
This coding scheme means, of course, that a state’s grouping may change from one period to the
next.
67
Nehru had actually died in 1964, but the Congress Party in 1965 remained much as he had left it.
68
This finding is especially striking when you consider that only one state (Orissa) can be classified as
having given the Congress “strong support” in the 1962 election. As a result, the finding that states
strongly supportive of the Congress received fewer licenses in 1965 may be an anomaly.
69
This finding is compatible with McGillivray 2004.
70
The fact that MPs are not elected from states but from districts within states is probably causing some
error in the results. In other words, Indira Gandhi may have funneled patronage into marginal districts
within states that were not marginal. Still, the data presented here indicate, I believe, real differences
across the two time periods, and a district-level study is beyond the scope of this project.
71
George 1985.
Convention