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Jordan and the Gulf Wars: Determining Hashemite Foreign Policy in 1990-91 and 2003
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Jordan and the Gulf Wars:
Determining Hashemite Foreign Policy in 1990-91 and 2003
Debra Shulman
Department of Political Science
Yale University
debra.## email not listed ##
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to elucidate Jordanian foreign policy in the two US-led wars
against Iraq, and in the process to shed light on foreign policy-making in non-democratic regimes in the Arab Middle East. The second image of international relations, which stipulates that domestic politics is most responsible for generating foreign policy, is borne out in the Jordanian case. Public opinion, economic pressures, and leadership at the top (especially that of the late King Hussein) played the most salient roles in shaping Jordanian foreign policy in the two conflicts. Thanks to a liberalized domestic political structure that existed in Jordan from 1989 to 1993, public opinion was able to strongly influence Jordanian foreign policy in the first Gulf war in 1990-91 in the direction of close relations with Iraq. After a fundamental reorientation in foreign policy toward peace with Israel and a strong alliance with the United States after the first Gulf war, Jordan became dependent on the US for trade and aid. This economic factor pushed Jordan to discreetly offer the US-led coalition the use of facilities in Jordan during the second Gulf war in 2003. As for monarchical leadership, King Hussein and his son, King Abdallah II, each imprinted Jordanian foreign policy with his own leadership style. After examining each of these key factors which influenced Jordanian foreign policy in the two Gulf wars, the paper goes on to look at alternative explanations and their shortcomings: namely, neo-realism, international law, and public sphere theory.
Keywords: Jordan, foreign policy, Gulf wars, Iraq, public opinion, trade, aid, monarchy,
autocracy, leadership
Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 31-September 3, 2006 in Philadelphia, PA.
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Jordan and the Gulf Wars:
Determining Hashemite Foreign Policy in 1990-91 and 2003
Debra Shulman
Department of Political Science
Yale University
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to elucidate Jordanian foreign policy in the two US-led wars
against Iraq, and in the process to shed light on foreign policy-making in non-
democratic regimes in the Arab Middle East. The second image of international
relations, which stipulates that domestic politics is most responsible for generating
foreign policy, is borne out in the Jordanian case. Public opinion, economic pressures,
and leadership at the top (especially that of the late King Hussein) played the most
salient roles in shaping Jordanian foreign policy in the two conflicts. Thanks to a
liberalized domestic political structure that existed in Jordan from 1989 to 1993, public
opinion was able to strongly influence Jordanian foreign policy in the first Gulf war in
1990-91 in the direction of close relations with Iraq. After a fundamental reorientation
in foreign policy toward peace with Israel and a strong alliance with the United States
after the first Gulf war, Jordan became dependent on the US for trade and aid. This
economic factor pushed Jordan to discreetly offer the US-led coalition the use of
facilities in Jordan during the second Gulf war in 2003. As for monarchical leadership,
King Hussein and his son, King Abdallah II, each imprinted Jordanian foreign policy
with his own leadership style. After examining each of these key factors which
influenced Jordanian foreign policy in the two Gulf wars, the paper goes on to look at
alternative explanations and their shortcomings: namely, neo-realism, international law,
and public sphere theory.
Keywords: Jordan, foreign policy, Gulf wars, Iraq, public opinion, trade, aid, monarchy,
autocracy, leadership
Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,
August 31-September 3, 2006 in Philadelphia, PA.
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