Waltz, Kenneth N. 1959. Man, the State, and War. New York: Columbia University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Wintrobe, Ronald. 1998. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Yoo, John. 2003. "International Law and the War in Iraq." The American Journal of
International Law 97 (3):563-576.
1
Throughout this paper, I use the terms “first Gulf war” and “first US-Iraq war” interchangeably to refer to the
1990-91 conflict. Likewise, by “second Gulf war” and “second US-Iraq war” I indicate the conflict which came to a
head in 2003. I am aware that some authors choose instead to refer to the 1980-88 war between Iran and Iraq as the
“first Gulf war. Since that conflict is not the focus of this paper, however, and because it involves different
belligerents than the later conflicts, I distinguish it from the “Gulf wars” and simply refer to it as the “Iran-Iraq war.”
2
Hussein Kamel opted to return to Iraq in February 1996, and was murdered by Saddam Hussein’s regime.
3
Hereafter, I will refer to King Abdallah II simply by his first name, or as “King Abdallah.” When I refer to his
great-grandfather, King Abdallah I, I will always use the roman number “I” after his name.
4
Since 1965, Crown Prince Hassan had been the presumed successor to the throne. Two months before King
Hussein died, while he was ill with cancer, he decided to disinherit Prince Hassan and designate his son Abdullah as
successor. On the process of succession, see (Robins 2004).
5
The other three are: Canada, Mexico, and Israel.
6
“Jordan, Turkey Concerned Over War, Call for Peaceful Solution.” Jordan Times. 7 January 2003. (FBIS-NES-
2003-0107).
7
“Jordan’s Foreign Minister Interviewed on Iraq, Road Map, Jordan-US Relations.” Al-Majallah. 12 January 2003.
(FBIS-NES-2003-0117).
8
The rationale for freezing parliament including its West Bank representatives from before the 1967 war was that
elections could not be held as long as half of Jordan was under foreign occupation. See (Lynch 1999).
9
These poll results can be found on the website of the Center for Strategic Studies, at www.css-jordan.org.
10
“Jordan: Political Parties Issue Statement Urging Firm Position on US Policies.” Jordan Times. 7 January 2003.
(FBIS-NES-2003-0107).
11
Marwan Muasher, Jordan’s Foreign Minister in 2003, revealed the existence of this poll in my interview with him,
and he was kind enough to share the results with me.
12
A CSS poll in Aug 1994 indicated that 80.2% of Jordanians approved of the September 1993 Washington
Declaration and 14.1% opposed it. See www.css-jordan.org.
13
The July 2001 law lowered the eligible voting age from 19 to 18, and increased the number of seats in Parliament
from 80 to 104. The distribution of additional seats continued to favor Jordan’s south, with its largely pro-regime
constituency as opposed to more heavily Palestinian-populated (and opposition-friendly) areas in and around
Amman. In February 2003, King Abdallah issued further revisions, adding six additional places reserved for female
deputies, to bring the total to 110 seats. See Ryan and Schwedler (2004, 146).
14
When asked to explain King Hussein’s decisions in 1990-91, Marwan Muasher, who was a government
spokesman in the first Gulf war and Foreign Minister in the second Iraq crisis, had this to say: “It’s still a mystery,
frankly, why the King took that position” (Muasher 2006).
15
“’Jordan First,’ a New Course of Fostering Relations.” The Star. 21 November 2002. Quoted in (Greenwood
2003).
16
“King Husayn Comments on Arab, Domestic Issues.” Interview in Al-Watan reprinted in Al-Ra’y. (FBIS-NES-
90-026).
17
“Jordan Weekly Editorial: US War on Iraq Without UN Backing ‘Vicious Aggression..’” The Star. 2 January
2003. (FBIS-NES-2003-0102).
29
Convention