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38
Table 8: The Effect of a Valence Advantage (Perceptions of Competence) on Senator
Divergence from the Constituency Median, U.S. Senate, 106
th
-107
th
Congresses (1999-2002,
incumbents running for reelection only)
Dependent Variable: Absolute Value of the Distance Between Senator and State
Independent Variables
Coefficient (s.e.)
Valence Advantage:
Perceived Competence of Incumbent Relative to Challenger
-1.972 (1.007)**
Valence Advantage
2
:
(Perceived Competence of Incumbent Relative to Challenger)
2
1.478 (0.880)**
Quality Challenger in General Election
0.176 (0.132)
Tough Primary
0.239 (0.129)*
Constant
1.091 (0.311)***
R
2
0.18
N
52
*p<0.10; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01; 2-tailed tests for all variables except valence advantage (-) and valence advantage
squared (+). The equation is estimated with robust standard errors.
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