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Of Tainted Bodies and Cosmopolitanism: Global Sex Workers, Sexual Traveling, and Tainting Citizenship
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100
Ibid., 7.
101
Kathy Davis and Sue Fisher, “Power and the Female Subject,” in Negotiating at the Margins: The Gendered Discourses
of Power and Resistance, eds. Sue Fisher and Kathy Davis (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993), 6.
102
While liberal feminists associated with analytical philosophy such as Alison Jaggar, Martha Nussbaum and Laurie
Shrage have spoken in defense of prostitution, they still tend to render prostitutes as non-speaking objects of liberal discourse. Their justification of prostitution based on the moral principles of the liberal contract, autonomy, liberty and equality, while avoiding the “false consciousness” trap and the sensationalized imagery of the degraded and violated female body, nonetheless domesticates the meanings of prostitution within a contained liberal framework. They articulate a public, democratic space for prostitution/pornography only by fitting them in their comfort zone of liberal values. See, e.g., Martha Nussbaum’s distinction between good, ethical pornography that respects consent and equality and negative pornography that demeans and dehumanizes women. Nussbaum, “Objectification,” 213-239. The problem with such distinction is that Nussbaum’s personal taste in distinguishing between what constitutes ethical and pleasurable pornography and what constitutes a misogynist one is affected not only by her own liberal values, but may also reflect her socioeconomic and intellectual standing, that is, her own social hierarchy as a consumer of a “certain type” of pornography rather than “other kinds.” For an analysis that links taste distinction and class/ideology, see Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
103
Bell, Reading, Writing, and Rewriting the Prostitute Body, 22.
104
Ibid., 24.
105
Ibid., 2.
106
Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan, “Introduction: Transnational Feminist Practices and Questions of Postmodernity,” in
Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices, eds. Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), 21.
107
Ibid., 22.
108
Ibid., 5-6.
109
Caren Kaplan, “The Politics of Location as Transnational Feminist Practice,” in Grewal and Kaplan, Scattered
Hegemonies, 150.
110
Kamala Kempadoo, “Introduction: Global Sex Workers’ Rights,” in Kempadoo and Doezema, Global Sex Workers, 11-
13. Kathleen Barry is a U.S.-based feminist sociologist known for her work on anti-trafficking movement and founder of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW). She adopts a similar position as that of MacKinnon and Dworkin in arguing that all prostitution is inherently abusive. See Kathleen Barry, Female Sexual Slavery (New York: New York University Press, 1984).
111
Kempadoo, “Introduction,” 13.
112
Kempadoo, “Continuities and Change,” 8.
113
Ibid., 9.
114
Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca: Cornell University
Press, 1985), 25. For discussion of the Hottentot representing the essential black, see ibid., 83. For an analysis of the cultural representations and media imagery of the racial “other,” see Stuart Hall, “The Spectacle of the ‘Other,’” in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997), 225-279.
115
Gilman, Difference and Pathology, 95.
116
Ibid., 83, 94, 101.
117
Ibid., 99.
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100
Ibid., 7.
101
Kathy Davis and Sue Fisher, “Power and the Female Subject,” in Negotiating at the Margins: The Gendered Discourses
of Power and Resistance, eds. Sue Fisher and Kathy Davis (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993), 6.
102
While liberal feminists associated with analytical philosophy such as Alison Jaggar, Martha Nussbaum and Laurie
Shrage have spoken in defense of prostitution, they still tend to render prostitutes as non-speaking objects of liberal
discourse. Their justification of prostitution based on the moral principles of the liberal contract, autonomy, liberty and
equality, while avoiding the “false consciousness” trap and the sensationalized imagery of the degraded and violated female
body, nonetheless domesticates the meanings of prostitution within a contained liberal framework. They articulate a public,
democratic space for prostitution/pornography only by fitting them in their comfort zone of liberal values. See, e.g., Martha
Nussbaum’s distinction between good, ethical pornography that respects consent and equality and negative pornography
that demeans and dehumanizes women. Nussbaum, “Objectification,” 213-239. The problem with such distinction is that
Nussbaum’s personal taste in distinguishing between what constitutes ethical and pleasurable pornography and what
constitutes a misogynist one is affected not only by her own liberal values, but may also reflect her socioeconomic and
intellectual standing, that is, her own social hierarchy as a consumer of a “certain type” of pornography rather than “other
kinds.” For an analysis that links taste distinction and class/ideology, see Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of
the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
103
Bell, Reading, Writing, and Rewriting the Prostitute Body, 22.
104
Ibid., 24.
105
Ibid., 2.
106
Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan, “Introduction: Transnational Feminist Practices and Questions of Postmodernity,” in
Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices, eds. Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), 21.
107
Ibid., 22.
108
Ibid., 5-6.
109
Caren Kaplan, “The Politics of Location as Transnational Feminist Practice,” in Grewal and Kaplan, Scattered
Hegemonies, 150.
110
Kamala Kempadoo, “Introduction: Global Sex Workers’ Rights,” in Kempadoo and Doezema, Global Sex Workers, 11-
13. Kathleen Barry is a U.S.-based feminist sociologist known for her work on anti-trafficking movement and founder of
the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW). She adopts a similar position as that of MacKinnon and Dworkin in
arguing that all prostitution is inherently abusive. See Kathleen Barry, Female Sexual Slavery (New York: New York
University Press, 1984).
111
Kempadoo, “Introduction,” 13.
112
Kempadoo, “Continuities and Change,” 8.
113
Ibid., 9.
114
Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca: Cornell University
Press, 1985), 25. For discussion of the Hottentot representing the essential black, see ibid., 83. For an analysis of the
cultural representations and media imagery of the racial “other,” see Stuart Hall, “The Spectacle of the ‘Other,’” in
Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997), 225-
279.
115
Gilman, Difference and Pathology, 95.
116
Ibid., 83, 94, 101.
117
Ibid., 99.
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