|
53
Figure 9
Education-Related Biases in Membership
Composition by Group-Type
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Over-representation
Under-representation
Ser
v
ice/fr
at.
Religious
Youth
L
i
ta
ra
r
y
/a
rt
Hobb
y
/
spor
t
Bus
i
ne
s
s
/prof.
C
i
v
i
c/educ.
N
e
gat
i
v
e
/
i
nfi
n
i
t
y
*
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Lowest educational bracket
Highest educational bracket
Over-representation
Under-representation
Neighb
or
hood
U
n
ions
Social ser
v
i
ce
Elder
l
y
/
senior
Veterans
Cu
l
t
u
r
a
l
n.s.
N
e
ga
t
i
v
e
/
i
nfi
n
i
t
y
*
Entries are LRS
t=1
scores.
All entries are significant at p < .05 or better.
* There is no representative of those in the lowest educational bracket in this group-type, resulting in an LRS
t=1
score of negative infinity.
SOURCE: 1990 U.S. Census for gender and race population figures; American Citizen Participation Study 1990 (weighted), for all other figures.
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