paves the way for political action as increased trust helps address the collective action problems
inherent in mobilization.
This kind of interaction closely follows the classic understanding of civil society. The
density of civil society is frequently measured by the number of non-governmental organizations
of all types. As people become more connected with one another, and empowered through
positive interactions with their neighbors, they are more likely to tackle difficult problems facing
their community. In other words, as more organizations bring more people together, participation
in politics is likely to increase. These effects can be intentional – in fact, many NGOs in
developing countries see this type of work as central to their mission of education, empowerment
and outreach. NGOs can serve as training grounds for democratic behavior, encouraging people
to participate in decision-making, compromise and democratic practices such as voting.
However, it can also be an unintentional side-affect. Even NGOs that actively seek to remain
apolitical still promote interactions among the people they serve.
The second mechanism through which NGOs affect participation is more controversial.
Some NGOs, though certainly not all, are involved in direct advocacy and organizing. This role
is a much more direct way that some NGOs are involved in boosting political participation. In
the developed world, we are familiar with NGOs in this role; organizations like moveon.org,
voter education organizations, even large-scale associational organizations like the AARP have
powerful lobbying and direct action division. In the developing world, NGOs are increasingly
taking on these kinds of roles.
Political strategies for NGOs involved in direct advocacy vary widely. Some
organizations are involved in voter turnout campaigns, others in supporting particular policies or
candidates. Some turn to more extreme tactics, including demonstrations, street protests, hunger
strikes, and other forms of civil disobedience. In settings where the institutional mechanisms for
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Convention