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Life-span Offending Trajectories of Women, Ages 12 to 72
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careers appearing in 1988 researchers questioned the fruitfulness of the criminal career paradigm mostly because of technical stance, its presumed preoccupation with career criminals and selective incapacitation, and its lack of theoretical underpinning (Van de Bunt, 1988; Kommer, 1988). However, also in that same volume Block and van der Werff (1988) presented empirical work in the criminal career tradition that would later serve as the starting point for what is currently the longest-termed life course study in Dutch criminology – the Criminal Career and Life Course Study. Despite being reticent at first, ten years later the intellectual tide has changed and in 1998 the same journal issued another special issue, this time on juvenile criminal careers. Following an introduction by Loeber (1998), six papers by ten authors fully embrace the developmental approach and cover topics ranging from the effects of life circumstances on crime to female delinquency careers and offender typologies.
Currently, Dutch academic interest in DLC-topics is significant and on the rise.
Small scale studies including many recidivism- and effect-studies now typically report on various criminal career dimensions. Much of the larger studies are being done from the risk factor and developmental criminological frameworks, with most of the larger scale projects embedded in medical panel studies. As is the case internationally, most studies focus on childhood and adolescence and not on adulthood. Only a few Dutch studies include transitions in adulthood commonly reported on in life course studies. While quite a few life history narratives of known and not so well-known offenders have been published, many lack scholarly intent. Those that do, often use the life history as a didactical tool to convey a broader message. Bovenkerk (1995) for example uses the life of Bettien Martens, a Dutch woman who ranked high in a Columbian drug-cartel, to introduce readers to the daily practice of transnational organized drugtrafficing. Even in Peeters (2002) biography of Gerrit ‘The Stutterer’ cited in the introduction, the focus is primarily on the changing penal culture in The Netherlands during that period using The Stutterer as a historical-criminological case study.
DATA
The Criminal Career and Life Course Study or CCLS is a large-scale study being
carried out at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) (Nieuwbeerta & Blokland, 2003). The CCLS uses the sample originally used in the work of Block & Van der Werff (1991; Van der Werff, 1986) consisting of over 5000 offenders who had their criminal case disposed of by a Dutch court in 1977. The CCLS extends the follow-up period of the original study to 25 years, which, combined with official data on the sample’s criminal histories before 1977, allows researchers to analyze criminaldevelopment from ages 12 to 72, covering almost the entire life span. The CCLS also holds municipal registrations on marital and fertility history, as well as data on the times and causes of death of those deceased. Recently, the CCLS is supplemented with criminal history and life course information on all marriage partners and children of the 5000 original offenders.
RESULTS
Sample Description
3
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| | Authors: Block, Carolyn., Blokland, Arjan. and Nieuwbeerta, Paul. |
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careers appearing in 1988 researchers questioned the fruitfulness of the criminal career
paradigm mostly because of technical stance, its presumed preoccupation with career
criminals and selective incapacitation, and its lack of theoretical underpinning (Van de
Bunt, 1988; Kommer, 1988). However, also in that same volume Block and van der Werff
(1988) presented empirical work in the criminal career tradition that would later serve as
the starting point for what is currently the longest-termed life course study in Dutch
criminology – the Criminal Career and Life Course Study. Despite being reticent at first, ten
years later the intellectual tide has changed and in 1998 the same journal issued another
special issue, this time on juvenile criminal careers. Following an introduction by Loeber
(1998), six papers by ten authors fully embrace the developmental approach and cover
topics ranging from the effects of life circumstances on crime to female delinquency
careers and offender typologies.
Currently, Dutch academic interest in DLC-topics is significant and on the rise.
Small scale studies including many recidivism- and effect-studies now typically report on
various criminal career dimensions. Much of the larger studies are being done from the risk
factor and developmental criminological frameworks, with most of the larger scale projects
embedded in medical panel studies. As is the case internationally, most studies focus on
childhood and adolescence and not on adulthood. Only a few Dutch studies include
transitions in adulthood commonly reported on in life course studies. While quite a few life
history narratives of known and not so well-known offenders have been published, many
lack scholarly intent. Those that do, often use the life history as a didactical tool to convey
a broader message. Bovenkerk (1995) for example uses the life of Bettien Martens, a
Dutch woman who ranked high in a Columbian drug-cartel, to introduce readers to the
daily practice of transnational organized drugtrafficing. Even in Peeters (2002) biography
of Gerrit ‘The Stutterer’ cited in the introduction, the focus is primarily on the changing
penal culture in The Netherlands during that period using The Stutterer as a historical-
criminological case study.
DATA
The Criminal Career and Life Course Study or CCLS is a large-scale study being
carried out at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement
(NSCR) (Nieuwbeerta & Blokland, 2003). The CCLS uses the sample originally used in the
work of Block & Van der Werff (1991; Van der Werff, 1986) consisting of over 5000
offenders who had their criminal case disposed of by a Dutch court in 1977. The CCLS
extends the follow-up period of the original study to 25 years, which, combined with official
data on the sample’s criminal histories before 1977, allows researchers to analyze criminal
development from ages 12 to 72, covering almost the entire life span. The CCLS also
holds municipal registrations on marital and fertility history, as well as data on the times
and causes of death of those deceased. Recently, the CCLS is supplemented with criminal
history and life course information on all marriage partners and children of the 5000
original offenders.
RESULTS
Sample Description
3
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