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Identity Politics in Pakistan

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Abstract:

This paper will examine the relationship between Pakistan’s chequered democratic history and the regionalist movements that have emerged. The relationship between democracy and ethnic conflict is complicated and multifaceted. Democracy can provide opportunities for ethno-national mobilisation and therefore exacerbate demographic tensions between communities. Conversely it can provide the opportunity for the expression and democratic resolution of tensions. Taking another perspective, the absence of democracy may exacerbate ethnic tensions through the reduced opportunity for the articulation of grievances. On the other hand it can manage grievances through the accommodation of different communities within non-elected institutions. There is no hard and fast rule, and the specifics of each movement must be investigated. The relationship between democracy and ethnic conflict is problematic in Pakistan. Pakistan has never been a consolidated democracy; but there have been periods in Pakistan when the expression of regionalist grievances has been possible. Even in these periods however, regionalist parties have not performed well – Sindhi regionalist parties in particular. This is staggering given the domination of the major institutions of state by Punjabis. In addition, many of the major ethnic conflicts that Pakistan has experienced have been during democratic interludes, for example, the secession of Bangladesh and 1973-8 war in Baluchistan. Therefore the paper’s aim is to problematise the relationship between democracy and identity politics in Pakistan, through an understanding of which groups have been co-opted, and more importantly, how and why.

Author's Keywords:

Pakistan, ethnic conflict, consociationalism, federalism, South Asia
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Name: American Political Science Association
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MLA Citation:

Adeney, Katharine. "Identity Politics in Pakistan" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hyatt Regency Chicago and the Sheraton Chicago Hotel and Towers, Chicago, IL, Aug 30, 2007 <Not Available>. 2011-06-09 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p208757_index.html>

APA Citation:

Adeney, K. , 2007-08-30 "Identity Politics in Pakistan" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hyatt Regency Chicago and the Sheraton Chicago Hotel and Towers, Chicago, IL <Not Available>. 2011-06-09 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p208757_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper will examine the relationship between Pakistan’s chequered democratic history and the regionalist movements that have emerged. The relationship between democracy and ethnic conflict is complicated and multifaceted. Democracy can provide opportunities for ethno-national mobilisation and therefore exacerbate demographic tensions between communities. Conversely it can provide the opportunity for the expression and democratic resolution of tensions. Taking another perspective, the absence of democracy may exacerbate ethnic tensions through the reduced opportunity for the articulation of grievances. On the other hand it can manage grievances through the accommodation of different communities within non-elected institutions. There is no hard and fast rule, and the specifics of each movement must be investigated. The relationship between democracy and ethnic conflict is problematic in Pakistan. Pakistan has never been a consolidated democracy; but there have been periods in Pakistan when the expression of regionalist grievances has been possible. Even in these periods however, regionalist parties have not performed well – Sindhi regionalist parties in particular. This is staggering given the domination of the major institutions of state by Punjabis. In addition, many of the major ethnic conflicts that Pakistan has experienced have been during democratic interludes, for example, the secession of Bangladesh and 1973-8 war in Baluchistan. Therefore the paper’s aim is to problematise the relationship between democracy and identity politics in Pakistan, through an understanding of which groups have been co-opted, and more importantly, how and why.

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